Molecular Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Mechanisms of Methicillin‐Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Bovine Milk

The aim of this study was to identify methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains gathered from 2002 to 2006 from milk samples in Aydin region in Turkey. Among 93 S. aureus strains isolated from bovine milk with mastitis, 16 were resistant to methicillin. Methicillin‐resistant S. aureus strains were studied further for their staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) types, pulsotypes, spa and MLST types, antimicrobial susceptibilities, mechanisms of resistance and presence of Panton–Valentine leucocidin (PVL) toxin gene. The MRSA strains were multi‐drug resistant. The susceptibility rates to antimicrobials tested were 0%, 0%, 0%, 0%, 6.25%, 16.25% and 56.25% for erythromycin, clindamycin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, tetracyclin, ciprofloxacin and vancomycin, respectively. All tetracycline and gentamicin resistant strains carried tet(M) and aac(6)‐aph(2) gene, respectively. Among macrolide‐resistant isolates, nine had erm(A), and seven had both erm(A) and erm(B) genes. The molecular characterization by pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis showed presence of three pulsotypes with their variants. The pulsotype B strains were type IV with SCCmec typing, and representative of pulsotype B was t190 by spa typing and ST8 by MLST typing. The strains with pulsotype A and C were SCCmec III, and representative of these pulsotypes was t030 by spa typing. The MLST type of pulsotype A was ST239 and pulsotype C was one allele variant of ST239. None of the isolates harboured the PVL gene. Presence of hospital‐related MRSA strains may indicate transmission of these strains between human and animals. In case of clonal spread beside the infected animals’ treatment of MRSA carrier, farm workers should also be considered. Hygienic measures and rational antibiotic use may avoid resistance selection, clonal dissemination of resistant strains and decrease losses because of mastitis in dairy herds.     

杂草稻幼苗期耐旱性的初步筛选与评价

采用盆栽试验,在人工设置干旱胁迫条件下,对不同地区杂草稻幼苗期的耐旱性进行了鉴定。杂草稻具有良好的抗逆能力,本文利用33份杂草稻种质资源,在苗期对其进行抗旱性筛选,调查了幼苗存活率,抗衰度等指标,计算了苗期抗旱性综合系数。结果表明,大部分杂草稻在苗期具有较强抗旱性,为下一步更深入的研究奠定基础。     

密叶杨×胡杨杂交种选育及抗盐试验研究初报

[目的]通过密叶杨(Polulus talassica Kom.)×胡杨(Populus euphratica Oliv)授粉杂交选育,选育出生长快、抗性强、无性繁殖能力高的优良杂交树种.[方法]采集密叶杨、胡杨枝条,在室内经水培,开花后采集花粉进行人工杂交.[结果]经授粉杂交获得杂交种子,种粒形状呈卵圆形和长圆形.对杂交种子分别播种育苗后,观察到卵圆形种子实生苗表现出父母本共同形态特征(中间型F_1代),长圆形种子实生苗表现出母本密叶杨型形态特征(极端型F_1代).对两种F_1代苗木进行耐盐试验,表现出密×胡的F_1代耐盐性较母本明显提高,无性繁殖能力较父本明显提高,F_1代年生长量均超过父本和母本.[结论]经20余年的胡杨杂交、良种选育、对比试验研究及良种推广,取得了理想效果.     

Bt杀虫蛋白在转基因抗虫棉中的表达

[目的]评价转基因抗虫棉的生物安全性.[方法]利用3个由花粉管通道法获得的转Bt基因的抗虫棉品系,通过Southern杂交技术研究了抗虫棉的插入数,通过棉铃虫饲喂、半定量RT-PCR和ELISA测定了抗虫棉的Bt杀虫活性的时间和空间的动态变化.[结果]Bt基因在抗虫棉中为1～2个拷贝数;Bt蛋白杀虫活性的时空动态表现为在不同生育期的同一器官中,苗期叶片的表达比花铃期的叶片强,在同一生育期内,不同器官表达不同,叶片和铃壳的表达高于苞叶、花和雌雄蕊.[结论]Bt杀虫蛋白在转基因抗虫棉中的抗性具有时空表达特异性.     

不同葡萄品种对霜霉病的抗性鉴定

[目的]葡萄霜霉病是新疆葡萄上最严重的病害之一,通过抗病品种进行防治是最简单、最经济、最有效的措施.搞清目前当地一些品种对葡萄霜霉病的抗性,为防治该病提供依据.[方法]通过对不同葡萄品种的室内离体叶片接种试验、田间接种试验、大田发病情况调查及不同品种田间接种后病斑大小和单斑含孢量的测定,及其叶片背面气孔数量和结构的扫描电镜观察等,对不同品种的抗性进行比较和鉴定.[结果]室内外接种试验和大田调查都表明,在供试品种中,弗雷和克瑞森比较抗病,且其病斑较小,单斑含孢量也较少.其叶片气孔数量和大小与感病品种无核白鸡心等相比也较少而小.[结论]克瑞森和弗雷比较抗病,无核紫、紫香无核、红提、无核白鸡心和里扎马特等感病或高度感病.     

水分胁迫后玉米杂交种结穗性变化和抗旱性的关系研究

[目的]研究水分胁迫后玉米杂交种结穗性和抗旱性的关系,为生产上评价和筛选抗旱丰产玉米的品种提供科学依据.[方法]对87份玉米杂交种进行大田正常灌水和干旱胁迫对比试验,对比研究受旱后玉米杂交种结穗性和抗旱性的相应变化.[结果]与正常灌水对照相比,干旱胁迫使杂交种的结穗率和单株产量显著降低.受旱后的结穗率与杂交种的抗旱性呈极显著的正相关.[结论]水分胁迫后玉米杂交种的结穗率与玉米抗旱性的关系密切,水分胁迫后的玉米结穗率可作为玉米抗旱品种筛选的一个重要指标.     

Evaluation of type I fusarium head blight resistance of wheat using non-deoxynivalenol-producing fungi

A series of experiments was conducted to determine whether type I resistance (resistance to initial infection) to fusarium head blight (FHB) in wheat could be assessed using fungal species/isolates that do not produce deoxynivalenol (DON), a mycotoxin critical to the spread of Fusarium graminearum in the wheat spike. It was shown that, while the non-toxin-producing species Microdochium nivale and M. majus could infect following spray inoculation of wheat spikes, they were unable to spread within the spike following point inoculation. However, although these species might reveal type I resistance, they are not highly pathogenic towards wheat. A nivalenol (NIV)-producing isolate of F. graminearum caused high levels of disease following spray inoculation, but spread only very slowly within the spike and rarely induced bleaching above the point of inoculation. It is proposed that spray inoculation with an appropriate, aggressive, non-DON-producing FHB pathogen may be used to characterize type I resistance to complement point inoculation with a DON-producing isolate to assess type II resistance (resistance to spread within the spike).     

Insights into the role of ethylene perception in tomato resistance to vascular infection by Verticillium dahliae

A Tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-based virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) system was employed to investigate the role of the tomato ethylene receptor ETR4. By comparing wilting symptoms of verticillium wilt in wild-type, ethylene-insensitive Never ripe ( Nr ) mutant tomato plants and ETR4 -silenced plants, it was demonstrated that disease severity in the Nr and ETR4 -silenced plants was statistically reduced compared to wild-type plants. Disease incidence and severity were reduced by 11 and 20%, respectively, in the Nr plants compared to the wild-type plants, at 33 days post-inoculation (d.p.i.). In the ETR4 -silenced plants, disease incidence and severity were reduced by 14 and 15%, respectively, compared to the TRV -only-inoculated plants, at 37 d.p.i. Quantification of Verticillium dahliae by qPCR revealed that the reduction in symptom severity in the Nr plants was associated with significant reduction of growth of the pathogen in the vascular tissues of the Nr plants compared to that in the wild-type plants, suggesting that impaired perception of ethylene via the Never-ripe receptor results in increased disease resistance. Fungal reduction was evident at each sampling day in the Nr plants, ranging from 1·5 to 1·75 times less than that in the wild-type plants. Fungal quantification in the ETR4- silenced and TRV -only-inoculated plants showed similar levels of fungal biomass.     

海洋芽胞杆菌B-9987菌株对番茄灰霉病和早疫病的作用机制初探

本文以分离自渤海潮间带海洋芽胞杆菌（Bacillus marinus）B〖CD*2〗9987为研究对象,在番茄活体和离体条件下,初步研究了B 9987菌株对番茄灰霉病和早疫病的防治作用及其机制。试验结果表明,B 9987菌株活菌液处理,表现最强的抑菌和控制病害的作用,其中对番茄灰葡萄孢菌和茄链格孢菌最低抑菌浓度均为4 μL/mL,对两种病害的生防效果分别达85.1%和88.4%;各处理番茄植株5种防御酶活性均显著增加,其中活菌原液处理诱导效果最好,对苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性表现为最高,分别为对照的4.13、2.54、1.85倍。表明B 9987菌株对番茄病害的防治是抑菌和诱导抗性综合作用的结果。     

木霉对植物的促生及诱导抗性研究进展

木霉不仅能够直接抑制植物病原菌的生长,还可通过定殖于植物的根部引起植物新陈代谢的改变。本文综述了木霉在植物根部定殖后,通过产生植物生长调节剂、抑制或降解根际有害物质、增加养分利用率以促进植物生长以及通过产生激发子诱导植物形成胞壁沉积物、合成抗菌物质以诱导植物局部或系统抗性的研究进展,以期为进一步扩大木霉在农业生产中的应用提供参考。